1. First-order logic is an extension of:

A . Propositional logic

B . Fuzzy logic

C . Temporal logic

D . Modal logic

Answer

2. In first-order logic, a predicate can have:

A . Only one argument

B . One or more arguments

C . No arguments

D . Only two arguments

Answer

3. The syntax of first-order logic includes:

A . Constants, variables, and predicates

B . Only constants and variables

C . Only predicates and quantifiers

D . Only quantifiers and connectives

Answer

4. The universal quantifier in first-order logic is represented by:

A . ∃

B . ∀

C . ∧

D . ∨

Answer

5. The existential quantifier in first-order logic is represented by:

A . ∃

B . ∀

C . ∧

D . ∨

Answer

6. Which of the following is true about first-order logic?

A . It cannot represent relationships between objects

B . It can represent quantifiers over objects

C . It is less expressive than propositional logic

D . It does not support variables

Answer

7. Knowledge engineering in first-order logic involves:

A . Designing algorithms for inference

B . Representing knowledge using first-order logic

C . Solving constraint satisfaction problems

D . Performing adversarial search

Answer

8. In first-order logic, a term can be:

A . A constant, variable, or function

B . Only a constant

C . Only a variable

D . Only a function

Answer

9. The semantics of first-order logic defines:

A . The meaning of sentences

B . The syntax of sentences

C . The inference rules

D . The quantifiers

Answer

10. Which of the following is NOT a component of first-order logic?

A . Predicates

B . Quantifiers

C . Connectives

D . Heuristics

Answer

11. Propositional inference is:

A . Less expressive than first-order inference

B . More expressive than first-order inference

C . Equivalent to first-order inference

D . Unrelated to first-order inference

Answer

12. Unification in first-order logic is the process of:

A . Making two logical expressions identical by substitution

B . Applying quantifiers to predicates

C . Resolving conflicts in knowledge bases

D . Performing backward chaining

Answer

13. Lifting in first-order inference refers to:

A . Generalizing propositional inference rules to first-order logic

B . Applying quantifiers to predicates

C . Resolving conflicts in knowledge bases

D . Performing forward chaining

Answer

14. Forward chaining is:

A . A data-driven inference method

B . A goal-driven inference method

C . A constraint propagation technique

D . A local search algorithm

Answer

15. Backward chaining is:

A . A goal-driven inference method

B . A data-driven inference method

C . A constraint propagation technique

D . A local search algorithm

Answer

16. Resolution in first-order logic is used for:

A . Theorem proving

B . Knowledge representation

C . Constraint satisfaction

D . Adversarial search

Answer

17. Which of the following is true about resolution?

A . It is a complete inference procedure

B . It is only applicable to propositional logic

C . It cannot handle quantifiers

D . It is a data-driven method

Answer

18. In resolution, two clauses are resolved if they contain:

A . Complementary literals

B . Identical literals

C . Universal quantifiers

D . Existential quantifiers

Answer

19. Which of the following is NOT a step in resolution?

A . Unification

B . Lifting

C . Forward chaining

D . Applying resolution rules

Answer

20. The process of finding a substitution that makes two expressions identical is called:

A . Unification

B . Resolution

C . Forward chaining

D . Backward chaining

Answer

Fill in the Blanks

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21. First-order logic is an extension of __________ logic.

Answer

22. In first-order logic, a __________ represents a relationship between objects.

Answer

23. The universal quantifier is represented by the symbol __________.

Answer

24. The existential quantifier is represented by the symbol __________.

Answer

25. A __________ in first-order logic can be a constant, variable, or function.

Answer

26. The __________ of first-order logic defines the meaning of sentences.

Answer

27. Knowledge engineering in first-order logic involves representing __________ using logical expressions.

Answer

28. In first-order logic, a __________ is a declarative statement that can be true or false.

Answer

29. The process of assigning meaning to symbols in first-order logic is called __________.

Answer

30. First-order logic allows quantification over __________.

Answer

31. Propositional inference is __________ expressive than first-order inference.

Answer

32. Unification is the process of making two logical expressions __________ by substitution.

Answer

33. Lifting generalizes __________ inference rules to first-order logic.

Answer

34. Forward chaining is a __________ inference method.

Answer

35. Backward chaining is a __________ inference method.

Answer

36. Resolution is used for __________ in first-order logic.

Answer

37. Two clauses in resolution must contain __________ literals.

Answer

38. The process of finding a substitution that makes two expressions identical is called __________.

Answer

39. Resolution is a __________ inference procedure.

Answer

40. In backward chaining, the system starts with the __________ and works backward to the facts.

Answer

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